**1. Introduction**
Metal cutting is one of the most common techniques used in manufacturing parts, playing a vital role in the machinery industry. Over the past two decades, with the rapid development of CNC machining and tool manufacturing technologies, research on high-speed cutting has deepened significantly. As a result, high-speed cutting technology has become widely applied in various fields such as aerospace, automotive, machine tools, and mold making.
The concept of high-speed cutting was first introduced by Dr. Carl J. Salomon from Germany in 1931. Since the 1960s—especially after the 1980s—industrialized nations have invested heavily in developing this technology. By the 1990s, high-speed cutting had entered a mature phase, with broader applications. Generally, high-speed cutting refers to cutting speeds that are 5 to 10 times higher than conventional cutting or spindle speeds of 10,000 RPM or more. However, the exact speed range depends on the material, cutting method, and tool used.
High-speed cutting is characterized by:
- High cutting speed (e.g., turning ≥ 500 m/min, milling ≥ 300 m/min, drilling ≥ 200 m/min)
- Large feed rate (e.g., Vf = 20–50 m/min or fz = 1.0–1.5 mm per tooth)
Compared to traditional methods, high-speed cutting can increase material removal rates by over 3.5 times while reducing costs by 20% to 50%. It also improves machining accuracy and surface quality. This makes high-speed cutting a key focus for global research. Additionally, it enables new machining approaches for difficult-to-cut materials, such as directly machining hardened workpieces, effectively replacing grinding operations.
**2. Overview of Metal Cutting Database Development**
Establishing a metal cutting database provides essential, optimized cutting data for the manufacturing industry. It not only improves process efficiency and economic benefits but also serves as a foundation for modern manufacturing technologies like CNC CAPP, CAD/CAM, FMS, and CIMS.
Since the mid-1960s, many developed countries have created their own metal cutting databases. The first such database was established in 1964 by the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory and the Technical Cutting Joint Research Corporation, known as the Air Force Processing Data Center (AFMDC). Following this, other countries, such as Germany and the U.S., developed similar systems, including INFOS and MDC.
In China, research on metal cutting databases began during the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period. Institutions like the Chengdu Tool Research Institute and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics have developed practical databases, such as CTRN90V1.0 and NAIMDS, which support multi-functional and general-purpose machining tasks.
**3. Core Technologies of High-Speed Cutting Databases**
A high-speed cutting database must be built on advanced cutting theories, rich parameters, and modern computer and database technologies. Despite existing databases, none are specifically tailored for high-speed machining. Creating a dedicated high-speed cutting database is crucial for promoting its use.
Key features of a high-speed cutting database include:
- **Communication with CNC systems and CAD/CAM software**: To fully leverage automation, the database must integrate with CNC machines and software for data exchange.
- **Reasoning function**: Using AI, rule-based reasoning, and fuzzy logic, the database can generate new cutting data from existing examples.
- **Distributed structure**: Supporting large-scale, geographically dispersed manufacturing needs.
- **Network function**: Allowing users to access data via the internet, supporting agile and collaborative manufacturing.
- **Prediction function**: Using artificial neural networks, finite element analysis, and statistical models to predict machining accuracy, surface roughness, and tool life.
**4. Basic Structure of High-Speed Cutting Database**
As shown in Figure 1, the database includes input requirements (workpiece material, dimensions, tolerances), output results (recommended tools, parameters), and various data components. The structure follows a client-server model, allowing efficient data storage, processing, and expansion.
The database consists of:
- **Database part**: Storing cutting data, tools, workpieces, machine tools, fixtures, models, and case studies.
- **Data source section**: Collecting data from factories, labs, and literature.
- **Data evaluation and verification system**: Ensuring data accuracy and reliability.
- **Application development system**: Enabling query, optimization, prediction, and management functions.
**5. Conclusion**
Developing a high-speed cutting database is a critical and practical challenge for the manufacturing industry. Such a database can significantly enhance machining quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. It supports the widespread adoption of high-speed cutting technology, boosting enterprise profitability and product competitiveness. For the entire metal cutting industry, the use of a high-speed cutting database will elevate overall standards and bring substantial economic benefits.
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